The Unique Pain Medication

Tramadol has been used as an analgesic since the late 1970s, and became one of the most popular analgesics of its class in Germany. International interest for the drug has been renewed when it was discovered that tramadol not only acts like opioids, but also inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake.

Mechanism of action

Tramadol is a unique medication. Its mode of action and safety profile distinguishes it from other opioids. It is classified as an atypical centrally acting analgesic, and has opioid and non-opioid properties. Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine that has weak opioid agonist properties. It also inhibits the neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin as do the antidepressant drugs

Tramadol has strong structural similarities to the antidepressant venlafaxine. Because of its similarities to venlafaxine, tramadol may possibly exert a degree of antidepressant effect in certain patients, particularly those with chronic pain.

Side effects
]Tramadol is generally well tolerated, the most common side effects being nausea and vomiting. In contrast to agents such as morphine and pethidine, respiratory depression rarely occurs during tramadol treatment at equipotent doses. But large doses of tramadol may increase the respiratory effects of other drugs. It is also associated with a low incidence of cardiac depression and significantly less dizziness and drowsiness than morphine.

Finally, dependence and abuse potential is relatively low because it has only a weak opioid effect. The low abuse potential of tramadol has been demonstrated by postmarketing surveillance data.

Tramadol appears to carry the same risk of urinary disorders (difficulty in micturition, urinary retention) as other opiates.

The medication should be avoided in persons with epilepsy and used cautiously in those taking medications which lower the threshold for seizures.

Tramadol uses

It is effective in different types of moderate-to-severe pain, including neuropathic pain. This medication has a dose-dependent efficacy that lies between that of codeine and morphine, with a parenteral potency comparable to that of pethidine.

Comparative studies have demonstrated that tramadol is more effective than NSAIDs for controlling post operative pain. Moreover, as the mode of action of tramadol does not overlap with that of NSAIDs, it is a useful agent to be combined with these drugs. Use of a combination of tramadol and NSAIDs allows the tramadol dose to be reduced and results in a lower incidence of side effects.

Tramadol may be particularly useful for elderly population suffering from osteoarthritis because, unlike NSAIDs, it does not aggravate high blood pressure and cardiovascular complications, nor does it have the potential to cause peptic ulcer disease.

Tramadol has been used with good results for the management of labour pain without respiratory depression of the neonate. It is effective for the treatment of pain from myocardial ischaemia, renal colic and acute trauma.

Recommendations

The recommended daily dose of tramadol is between 50 and 100mg every 4 to 6 hours, with a maximum dose of 400 mg/day; the duration of the analgesic effect after a single oral dose of tramadol 100 mg is about 6 hours.

Yury Bayarski is the contributing author of eMedExpert.com. More information about tramadol is available on author's website.

Article Source: [http://EzineArticles.com/?The-Unique-Pain-Medication&id=1435570]

Tramadol - What You Should Know

What is Tramadol?

Tramadol hydrochloride (Ultram, Tramal) is a centrally acting opioid analgesic, used in treating moderate to severe pain. The drug has a wide range of applications, including treatment for restless legs syndrome and fibromyalgia. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in the late 1970s. Tramadol possesses weak agonist actions at the μ-opioid receptor, releases serotonin, and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. Tramadol is a synthetic analog of the phenanthrene alkaloid codeine and, as such, is an opioid and also a prodrug (codeine is metabolized to morphine, tramadol is converted to O-desmethyltramadol). Opioids are chemical compounds which act upon one or more of the human opiate receptors. The euphoria and respiratory depression are mainly caused by the μ1 and μ2 receptors; the addictive nature of the drug is due to these effects as well as its serotonergic/noradrenergic effects.[citation needed] The opioid agonistic effect of tramadol and its major metabolite(s) are almost exclusively mediated by the substance's action at the μ-opioid receptor. This characteristic distinguishes tramadol from many other substances (including morphine) of the opioid drug class, which generally do not possess tramadol's degree of subtype selectivity.  

Medical Issues

Tramadol is used similarly to codeine, to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Tramadol is somewhat pharmacologically similar to levorphanol (albeit with much lower μ-agonism), as both opioids are also NMDA-antagonists which also have SNRI activity (other such opioids to do the same are dextropropoxyphene (Darvon) & M1-like molecule tapentadol (Nucynta, a new synthetic atypical opioid made to mimic the agonistic properties of tramadol's metabolite, M1(O-Desmethyltramadol). Tramadol is also molecularly similar to venlafaxine (Effexor) and has similar SNRI effects, with antinociceptive effects also observed. It has been suggested that tramadol could be effective for alleviating symptoms of depression, anxiety, and phobias because of its action on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, such as its "atypical" opioid activity. However, health professionals have not endorsed its use for these disorders, claiming it may be used as a unique treatment (only when other treatments failed), and must be used under the control of a psychiatrist. In May 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a Warning Letter to Johnson & Johnson, alleging that a promotional website commissioned by the manufacturer had "overstated the efficacy" of the drug, and "minimized the serious risks". The company which produced it, the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH, were the ones alleged to be guilty of "minimizing" the addictive nature and proposed efficacy of the drug, although it showed little abuse liability in preliminary tests. The 2010 Physicians Desk Reference contains several warnings from the manufacturer, which were not present in prior years. The warnings include more compelling language regarding the addictive potential of tramadol, the possibility of difficulty breathing while on the medication, a new list of more serious side effects, and a notice that tramadol is not to be used in place of opiate medications for addicts. Tramadol is also not to be used in efforts to wean addict patients from opiate drugs, nor to be used to manage long-term opiate addiction.  

Availability and Usage

Tramadol is classified as a central nervous system drug usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride); the tartrate is seen on rare occasions, and rarely (in the US at least) tramadol is available for both injection (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral administration. The most well known dosing unit is the 50 mg generic tablet made by several manufacturers. It is also commonly available in conjunction with APAP (paracetamol, acetaminophen) as Ultracet, in the form of a smaller dose of 37.5 mg tramadol and 325 mg of APAP. The solutions suitable for injection are used in patient-controlled analgesia pumps under some circumstances, either as the sole agent or along with another agent such as morphine. Tramadol comes in many forms, including: capsules (regular and extended release) tablets (regular, extended release, chewable, low-residue and/or uncoated tablets that can be taken by the sublingual and buccal routes) suppositories effervescent tablets and powders ampules of sterile solution for SC, IM, and IV injection preservative-free solutions for injection by the various spinal routes (epidural, intrathecal, caudal, and others) powders for compounding liquids both with and without alcohol for oral and sub-lingual administration, available in regular phials and bottles, dropper bottles, bottles with a pump similar to those used with liquid soap and phials with droppers built into the cap tablets and capsules containing (acetaminophen/APAP), aspirin and other agents. Tramadol has been regularly used in the form of an ingredient in multi-agent topical gels, creams, and solutions for nerve pain, rectal foam, concentrated retention enema, and a skin plaster (transdermal patch) quite similar to those used with lidocaine. Tramadol has a characteristic and unpleasant taste which is mildly bitter but much less so than morphine and codeine. Oral and sublingual drops and liquid preparations come with and without added flavoring. Its relative effectiveness via transmucosal routes (i.e. sublingual, buccal, rectal) is similar to that of codeine, and, like codeine, it is also metabolized in the liver to stronger metabolites The maximum dosage per day is 400 mg for oral use and 600 mg for parenteral use. Certain manufacturers or formulations have lower maximum doses. For example, Ultracet (37.5 mg/325 mg tramadol/APAP tablets) is capped at 8 tablets per day (300 mg/day) due to its acetaminophen content. Ultram ER is available in 100, 200, and 300 mg/day doses and is explicitly capped at 300 mg/day as well. Patients taking SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.), SNRIs (Effexor, etc.), TCAs, MAOIs, or other strong opioids (oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, morphine), as well as the elderly (> 75 years old), pediatric (< 18 years old), and those with severely reduced renal (kidney) or hepatic (liver) function should consult their doctor regarding adjusted dosing or whether to use Tramadol at all.

source: wikipedia